International Hospitality Operations Coursework

Universal Hospitality Operations - Coursework Example Basically Dubai is one of the nations that structure the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Diverse ethnic gatherings live in the Emirates, a portion of the incorporate Pakistani, European, Bangladesh, Indian and Emirati. It is critical to take note of that, Middle East, is thriving from various perspectives, which incorporate strategically, financially and demographically (Baum, 47). It is obvious that, a significant part of the region’s riches is owing to having the world’s biggest stores of effectively extractable oil and the travel industry exercises. Foundation data The travel industry in Dubai and in the entire Gulf locale is relatively youthful. Until the late 19550s, Dubai had no lodgings. Guests would go through with their hosts. It is recognizable that, the accompanying two decades saw Dubai develop hugely in creating essential offices for explorers (Baum, 49). The opening of a worldwide air terminal in 1959 and revelation of oil in 1966 prodded improvement and openi ng of a few inns. The establishing of the Emirates Airlines in 1985 and the Dubai Tourism Board saw Dubai draw in speculators and vacationers from over the globe. The Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM) encouraged universal advancement and situating Dubai as both business center point and resort goal (Rehman, 217). The foundation of the Jumeirah Group in 1997 as a lodging the board organization has seen the advancement of an arrangement of very good quality inns in Dubai and over the globe. For example, the Burj-Al-Arab was opened in 1997 as the initial seven-star lodging on the planet (Brotherton, 151). This pattern has quickening to the current state, which places Dubai in the worldwide field in vacation spot and remote venture (Rehman, 218). Political pattern The center East is regularly proclaimed by westerners to be commensurate with struggle, however it center East has quiet regions where numerous different nationalities assemble, work and live respectively in an agreeable way (Buhalis and Costa, 122). It is basic to take note of that, the UAE is one of the serene spots with Dubai having the most noteworthy convergence of universal specialists who make up to 80% of the country’s work power (Rehman, 219). Dubai is politically steady, and it has gained notoriety for being a protected center for individuals of assorted nationalities, who work for organizations from everywhere throughout the globe. It is a sacred government controlled by Sheik Mohammed (Rehman, 215). Mohammed, who has been on the wheel of administration since 1995, had a dream for Dubai as a global center point for business and relaxation. Mohammed understood his vision for Dubai rapidly by the foundation of business focuses, vacation spot focuses, which included high rises, for example, the Burj Khalifa. It is the tallest structure on the planet. Such structure makes Dubai particular from the remainder of the United Arab Emirates. They go about as vacation spot focuse s. It is basic to take note of that, Dubai has figured out how to raise various refined and pleasurable structures even on water. The Burj Khalifa is represented underneath (Tizabi, 321). Also, is an individual from various worldwide associations and affiliations, which incorporate the Arab League, United Nations and World Trade Organization, this pattern has continued sound associations with the Western popularity based nations. This participation has fortified Dubai’s interior political soundness (Tizabi, 317). Culture and religion foundation It is fundamental to take note of that, Dub

Hindu Vs Chirstian Essays - Shabda, Reincarnation, Spirituality

Hindu Vs Chirstian Joe Cooper Harmony Studies Educator Smith 31 October 2000 Hindu and Christian Approaches to War and Peace As global perspectives on harmony vary, so do assessments of various religions. Each culture has its own view on harmony and how to achieve it. Strict ties by and large decide these qualities and laws. Two such restricting perspectives on harmony would be antiquated Christian perspectives and Hindu convictions. Christianity has confidence in equity and love as the focal point of harmony while Hindus figure out how to deal with their own Self and make great karma to accomplish harmony. Early Christians accepted that harmony is an outcome from equity. On the off chance that an instruction was broken, equity was the main arrangement. Lords got well known by how just and shrewd they were. Fights and preliminaries were continually brought before the scriptural rulers and they had to condemn. The cutting edge likeness harmony was not generally achieved in the early Christian occasions. Harmony implied that equity had been done. Wars were battled to look for equity. The methods accomplished a finish of harmony in the wake of acquiring equity. Another sort of harmony likewise existed in the Christian time, shalom. This kind of harmony implies completeness. Shalom depends on the possibility that people are siblings and sisters under God as the Father. It included an increasingly positive sentiment of adoration and generosity no accomplished with equity harmony. Christians see harmony now as an answer for most issues and take a stab at it in all that they do. A Christian wi shes to accomplish individual harmony with in their lives and with their God. Love is a significant piece of Christian harmony. A Christian endeavors to be content, fulfilled, and to know all out affection. Christians regard and love each other in shalom harmony. The sort of harmony that Christians accept that Jesus brings is extraordinary. Christians presently accept that everybody was made in the picture of God. On account of this we should all affection each other on the grounds that God cherishes us and wants us to be quiet. Christians presently regard and dread God on account of the affection they feel for mankind and for Jesus. Christian harmony includes love and graciousness while Hindu harmony includes an alternate kind conviction and structure. Hindus accept that their internal identity never bites the dust and their life power moves from body to body as each new body lives and bites the dust. Hindus accept that every individual has a Self that exists inside somebody. This Self resembles a soul that is passed from body to body when they kick the bucket. Along these lines, as indicated by the Hindu religion, the slaughtering the body of a man doesn't make a difference; the soul despite everything endures. This implies wars are supported as such. Each individual slaughtered in fight will simply enter another body in an alternate life. On occasion, Hindus may accept that a specific war is ones obligation or duty to battle. The main path for these individuals to legitimize this is on the grounds that they do no vibe that they are really murdering individuals. This view totally varies from the Christian point of view. Christians accept that individuals are just made once and that their lives are individual and separate from diff erent lives. Hindus additionally have faith in the idea of karma. The law of karma says that an activities man does creates outcomes that sway the universe and return as karma. This implies one ought to consistently endeavor to accomplish great karma. World Peace comes from the world or from the pioneers of the world. As indicated by the Hindu conviction, it originates from the people of the world. At the point when an individual finds a sense of contentment it spreads to his family, his neighbors, his city, his nation lastly to the world. The existence example of man, his Self, everywhere throughout the world is interlaced as people and in the connections among urban communities and countries. That is the idea of karma. At the point when one accomplishes great karma it impacts his entire world. Everything gets unique and better for a man in the event that he has great karma. Hindus likewise accept that on the off chance that somebody finds a sense of contentment with the world and has figured out how to make positive karma, his kids and companions will likewise profit. The sentiment of karma is that the

Wilson, James

Wilson, James Wilson, James, 1742â€"98, American jurist, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. near St. Andrews, Scotland. He studied at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh and, after emigrating to Pennsylvania in 1766, taught Latin at the College of Philadelphia (now Univ. of Pennsylvania). He studied law there under John Dickinson , was later admitted to the bar in 1767, and became a successful lawyer within a few years. He was a member of the Pennsylvania convention (1774) and in the following year was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress. Although he strongly disputed Parliament's authority over the colonies, he opposed independence until July, 1776. Because he vigorously opposed the extremely democratic principles of the Pennsylvania constitution of 1776, he lost (1777) his seat in Congress. He became allied with the conservative faction and argued for it in the Congress of the Confederation (1782â€"83, 1785â€"87). Wilson is especially known for his part in the Cons titutional Convention of 1787, where he was a proponent of a strong executive. His influence in drawing up the Constitution was second only to that of James Madison . He was active in drafting the Pennsylvania constitution of 1790 and served as associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1789â€"98). He was the first professor of law (1789) at the College of Philadelphia. Wilson wrote a number of pamphlets, addresses, treatises, and lectures on law. See biography by C. P. Smith (1956, repr. 1973); the collection of his works, 2 vol., ed by R. G. McCloskey (1804, repr. 1967). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

The Spiritual Persective to the Book of Proverbs is Faith,...

Layman Response to Thomas Mattox Case Study 2 A Spiritual Perspective The book of Proverbs Chapter 3, verses 5-6 says: â€Å"Trust the Lord with all you do. Do not depend on your own understanding and seek HIS will in all you do. He will make straight your path† (NLT). This verse is evidenced in every aspect of theological virtues. These virtues are infused through divine grace (Sokolowski, 1995), and are characteristics of human personality that manifest themselves only through eternal salvation. The three characteristics are Faith, Hope, and Charity. I was quite pleased to find this discussion had been categorized, and even subcategorized. I tend to follow this type of discussion a little easier than one of utter ramblings like the ones I†¦show more content†¦More interestingly is the motivation for that result is different in each case. Where technically each of the aforementioned theories is based in the philosophy of ethics they are from differing paradigms. †¢ Decisions made on a purely ethical or consequential basis are the ones that produce the most intrinsic good either to the agent or to the will of the agent (always relative to the agent) †¢ Decisions made on a purely moral basis are ones made to satisfy the categorical imperative ‘Kantism’. The focus is on the act itself, and always doing what is deemed right in a situation (Brown, 2001). †¢ Decisions based on virtues follow the Christian view of ethics, which states that as humans we have a free will to choose between right and wrong. In the book titled â€Å"Aristotles De Motu Animalium, Text with Translation, Commentary, and Interpretive Essays†, the parallel between Aristotelianism and Aquinas (Nussbaum, 1978) the author finds: â€Å"The most striking example of an attempt to associate Aristotle with moral deductivism has been the Aristotelianism of Aquinas and the tradition of exegesis descending from it (1978)† While it is the best choice as a Christian, to offer the option for partial order fulfillment of Scuppernongs, the aid of contract negotiations with other suppliers, or financial accommodations for any shortcomings until previous levels of Scuppernongs can be obtained, this rejects the

The Remarkable Effects of Advertising Essay - 2070 Words

How would the world look like without advertising? Imagine, Times Square dark at night without its colorful billboards, football stadiums with blank walls and a set of seats, or having to pay for the content, news and entertainment that we currently get free. Without advertising, and its irreplaceable skill set of combining business and creativity we would have an employment crisis. Modern life would be very different without advertising; I don’t know about you, but I certainly wouldn’t like that world. If it werent for advertising the whole society would be completely different. The economy, for instance, would be dropped into a crisis without the adverts and all the publicity that fuel the desire for limitless business. Advertising is†¦show more content†¦It is always a challenge to start a new small business, so entrepreneurs should focus on creating excellent facilities and products that will add value to the lives of their aimed consumers. Just like larg e businesses, small business owners have to develop creative ways to advertise. Without advertising, small businesses would have no chance at all to make their product notable. If you have a good new product, and market it in a clever way; then it doesnt matter how small your company is, you can still make consumers interested. Every business’s main priority is to increase its costumers because no matter what area of business one is in, without customers the business will eventually fail. Thats why it is so important for businesses to present their self and their product in a way that will not only attract the demographic they seek, but inspire them to come back again. Thus, today’s consumer is more flattered, more pampered and more sought after than any other time in history. Repeated advertisement makes the brand very popular, and eventually boosts its sales. For example, when Coca-Cola creates an advert for Diet Coke, â€Å"it is not only touting the benefits of that product but is also keeping the Coca-Cola brand in the minds of consumers,† which can also support the sales of its other products (â€Å"value of advertising†, 2013).Show MoreRelatedChicken of the Sea Case Answers1645 Words   |  7 Pagesthe response hierarchy model this is most likely to be applicable in the p urchase of this product. The reason that has caused the shifting or rather the movement from advertising media, has caused decision making process to alter drastically. Consumers were more habituated towards noticing their personal icons when media advertising was intensified with the accompanying StarKist and Chicken of the Sea Inc. 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Zappos is a well-known customer service entity and an even more remarkable company culture can be attributed to their CEO, Tony Hsieh. He wanted to create a culture that would be fun, accepting of all, friendly, and happy. His objective was to have an atmosphere within the call center that would be comfortable to ensureRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Coca Cola956 Words   |  4 Pageshalf a century, the two companies have been carrying on the competition. They turn adverse factors in market development, seeking opportunities, become favorable factors, adopt feasible marketing strategy, etc are a huge success, finally become a remarkable marketing competition paradigm. This report will analysis the industry of carbonated soft drink (CSD) and presents Coke and Pepsi s advantages. Explain the issue of this case is the new challenges that Coke and Pepsi faced: how to boost flaggingRead MoreAmerican Apparel: Vertically Integrated in Downtown L.A. - Paper923 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Apparel: Vertically Integrated in Downtown L.A. American Apparel is a clothing manufacturer in the United States. The company is vertically integrated clothing manufacturer, wholesaler, and retailer who also perform its own design, advertising, and marketing. American Apparel was founded in 1997, by Canadian Dov Charney (Grant, 2010). Dov had a fascination with American culture and the T-shirts. He started to experiment with screen printing, importing and other parts related to theRead MoreSocial Media Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesDespite the fact that we’re already in the 21st century, society continues to show signs of progress and development strongly leaning towards the direction of advancement, constantly evolving. This pattern is no different from the world of advertising, as it has also evolved through the years and quite recently an unexpected technological innovation took the world by storm. It made such a tremendous impact that eventually led to the transformation of traditional marketing, and it’s no other thanRead MoreSuccessful Marketing Strategies Essay1019 Words   |  5 Pagesvital component in the success of businesses. Smaller businesses rely on business advertising, expenses, knowing if the business is networking with the right people, or joining the best organisations which lead to success (EStartup business blog, 2010). Marketing concentrates on customers and what the customers want. Customers are the source of sales and profits. Many small businesses are faced with remarkable hardships due to not developing the right marketing plan (EStartup business blog, 2010)Read MoreEthical Issues1128 Words   |  5 Pageswhich is â€Å"the obligation toward society assumed by business. 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The Rio Olympics 2016 Free Essays

Maxwell Britton October 11, 2012 Anth 210 Writing Assignment 1 Olympics Games 2016 The excitement that the city of Rio experimented upon the announcement of hosting the 2016 Olympic games appears to have been short lived. The descent of excitement began once drug traffickers shot down a police helicopter. The government responded by heightening the crackdown on the city slums of the favelas. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rio Olympics 2016 or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result many of the favelas in Rio are now under police control (Jazeera). The questions we are now asked is if the coming Olympics provided the motive for the increased importance that have been placed on controlling drug trafficking while also disguising as a strategy and justification to clean up the favelas of Rio? Or are the Olympics irrelevant and merely a beneficiary of the crackdown? It seems to me that the upcoming events in which the city of Rio have been presented with have become overwhelming. The Olympics are a very sacred event to host and having the honor to do such is a major responsibility (Watson). With this I do believe that the Olympics are the primary motive for the government’s actions. The Olympics routinely bring hundreds of thousands of tourists to the host city and this is something that the city of Rio wants to take advantage of in showing off their city to the world (Watson). This is why I believe the government has decided to intensify their police presence in the favelas as a tactic to clean up and make their city more appealing. The outcome of this has left thousands of individuals killed or imprisoned by the government. The favelas are where the majority of drug trafficking takes place as many times they are controlled and run by the gangs. As a solution the military police have gone in and taken over, resulting in thousands of deaths. It’s reported by the Human Rights Watch that the police of Rio and Sao Paolo have killed over 11,000 people since 2003. When a reporter discussed these findings by the Human Rights Watch with the head of Rio security; Jose Beltrame, the findings weren’t denied and instead attributed to the difficulties faced by the police of Rio. However, when asked about the Human Rights Activists who claim there are additional killings by the police he was quick to respond. According to Beltrame these reports are always similar and are preconceived opinions that are not based on reason, as they don’t understand the reality of Rio. The actuality, he explains, is there are areas in Rio that are dominated by criminal gangs equipped with assault rifles that the police are facing (Jazeera). Although it’s too difficult to determine which side is right, it is clear that too many lives are being taken. In conclusion I think it’s a positive thing for the city to put effort into controlling drug trafficking and also something that has been long due. However, it appears that many innocent individuals are being affected by these government actions and in some cases even been killed. I think the government needs to take a strong look at the approach they have taken and determine if this is benefiting their city in the long run or it is a short-term solution for the Olympics. Bibliography Jazeera, Al. â€Å"Rio: Olympic City. † Aljazeera . Fault Lines , 01/2010. Web. 12 Oct 2012. http://www. aljazeera. com/programmes/faultlines/2010/01/201019104335683915. html. Watson, Connie. â€Å"Can roughed-up Rio be ready for the 2016 Olympics?. † CBSnews. N. p. , 08/2012. Web. 12 Oct 2012. http://www. cbc. ca/news/world/story/2012/08/09/f-vp-watson-rio-olympics. html. How to cite The Rio Olympics 2016, Essay examples

Social Lives Or Even Our Professional Livesâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Social Lives Or Even Our Professional Lives? Answer: Introducation Motivation is one of the major requirements of todays life. Be it in case of academics, personal lives, social lives or even our professional lives, it is motivation that forms the backbone. In all the possible spheres of life, there are many ups and downs. There are positivity and negativities as well and in order to make sure that these negative vibes do not cause any harm motivation is highly needed (Moatt et al 2015). A very common question that might crop up in our minds is that why and how this motivation theory is considered to be the backbone of the corporate culture or any other such platforms of life (Dobre 2013). While speaking about motivation, another term that must be discussed about simultaneously is that of efficiency. In order to increase the efficiency of the workers, motivating them at every level must be the highest priority of the management. However, though not many scholars have spoken against efficiency but some scholars did. According to an article produced b y the college of business and economics, professor Bruenderman, that efficiency often limits the job ability (Muogbo 2013). This has been demonstrated by the example of MacDonalds where the employees cook and prepare all the recipes in line where all of them are very much limited in their respective job functions like, the employee who prepares the food will only do that and never take orders, whereas the one that takes orders will always stay at the reception rather than going to the kitchen to cook. Similarly, the one that adds wrap to the food packets will always stick onto this job itself. This in turn cuts down the learning experience of the employees and they can never master the art of multi tasking. On the other hand, all the former human based works have now turned mechanized that is computer based, which increases efficiency but at the same time, reduces the amount of jobs and also cuts down the employee duties. Efficiency has made the lives of people much easier, they get everything they want in minutes but at the same time, affects productivity in the long run. As it is a known fact that there are two sides of the same coin, there are both advantages as well as disadvantages of the vast arena of opportunities that have been opened up in front of all the modern enterprises. There are both opportunities as well as imperilments lying in front of all the enterprises. It is a known fact that, in case of any business organization, a proper strategic plan has to be made that will formulate all the long term goals and objectives that the company is expected to achieve in the long run. However, this planning system can function properly, only if it is backed by a proper motivational aspect (Hameed et al 2014). In other words, it must be the top most priority of all the members of the top management or the hierarchy of the company to encourage all his employees from time to time. This encouragement can be done through a constant motivation given to the workers from the side of the superiors. It is with the help of this motivation that the workers can recognize their potential to work and can increase their level of efficiency. Efficiency can be measured in various ways and the most simplest and significant way is perhaps measuring the extent of efficiency that is seen within the workers of any business enterprise. A good example can be the fact that there are often instances where one gets other many negative comments or come across many negative opinions from their superiors or their co workers. This negative comment not only renders them mentally weak and demotivated but also makes any good news really bad and uninteresting. Negativity is like a virus that keeps on getting transmitted from one person to the other like a disease causing germ and contaminates everything. It is because of this reason that motivation is highly needed, as it helps in increasing the level of efficiency of the workers thus boosting up their productive capabilities. Job enrichment is highly needed in order to increase the level of efficiency among the workers. Boredom is highly ruining in terms of both personal as well as professional life (Barba et al 2016). Adding up some sorts of varieties in the ongoing activities is very much essential in making the monotonous work very interesting, which in turn will increase the efficiency of the employees. However, there are also some negative aspects of motivation as well. Within an organization, there are many types of employees and not all are a well wisher of each other. This job enrichment may turn out to be advantageous for some and disadvantageous for others. The skill and technological knowledge which will be needed for this job might already be known to some whereas for some it can be totally new and unknown. There can also be lack of proper training that might be very essential for performing this new type of job, this might lead to chances of lower productivity. The other very damaging effect that can crop up due to this job enrichment is disrespect from the employees towards the management, because not every employee can be included in the new job role and responsibility (Brown 2014). As a result of which, some will excel in their work while others will perform poorly due to lack of interest, lack of the feeling of being important to the company, lack of sufficient training etc. These will ultimately hamper the amount of productivity. According to Haci Guclu and Sahil Guney, it has been said in the given article that job enlargement is another important method for increasing the efficiency of the employees by promoting new and diverse types of job roles and responsibilities. However, not every employee is able to cope up with this increased and modified kind of task as a result of which, they often feel neglected. This in turn affects their performance (Frey and Osborne 2017). However, the methods discussed in this article, to solve this low efficiency problem seems quite justified like solving disputes between co workers. There can be several quarrels between colleagues that can create negative vibes and can hamper the productivity of the employees. Another method to solve this low efficiency problem is by improving the work environment. The surroundings in which the employees will work must be healthy, safe, and clean with proper ventilation system. Another issue that needs to be immediately solved is that of un healthy relationships with the managers. It must be the top most priority of the managers to try their level best to cater to the basic needs of their employees. The initiation of which can be done by appearing very friendly and transparent with them. In this article, the writer Speaks about the relationship between the desires of the individuals and their motivation. In other words, the writer tries to say that if the employees are able to choose their work as per their wish and work a cording to their own pace and techniques, then the rate of their efficiency and consequently their productivity will not be hampered. However, this does not work well in the present day scenario, because the employees are subjected to huge pressure and they ate given set targets that they are compelled to achieve. Success and competitions do not always increase the psychology of the employees; it can often create negative impacts, by making the employees tensed, nervous and impulsive. It is out of th eir impulse and the huge work pressure that they can often take some wrong move and make mistakes in their work thus lowering their total production. The writer has however cited out many roles and responsibilities on part of the managers that are needed for increasing the efficiency of the workers thus motivating them. The managers must always keep this in mind that they are to formulate those motivation techniques that are in par with the kind of employees that they are dealing with (El-temash et al 2016.). If the employees are wage earners, then the managers must keep in mind to use techniques like payment equality, respect towards he wage earners, being thoughtful towards their needs and demands, listening to their complaints etc. However, often these policies are either not taken into consideration or they are use ignored in the long course of time. Once can make use of different models in order to formulate the motivation techniques like Maslows need theory which says peoples need have five layers and without satisfying the first layer, it is not possible to solve the upper layers. Another important theory is that of Adams E quity theory, which says that the biggest obstruction in path of motivation is treating the employees unequally. This is also one of the major concerns of the present day scenario. This is because; there are so many instances of unequal payments to employees based on their gender, working hours, social status etc (Filsecker and Hickey 2014). Hence, I agree that motivation is of course the backbone of the present day corporate culture, but only when it is done proper and in a justified way. I would say that the managers must make sure that their motivational techniques are for all their employees and not just a handful of them. They must always try to identify and solve the negative motivational aspects like hopelessness, helplessness, fear of failure, inability to accept criticism, guilt and self blame etc. I would also recommend this to the enterprises that they motivate and encourage their employees to start use some very simple ways like, staying calm in tough situations, proving words into actions, starting the day with something simple etc. On the other hand, the management must also not forget their duties towards their employees and must motivate and encourage them throughout in order to boost up productivity in the long run. Reference list Barba, P.D., Kennedy, G.E. and Ainley, M.D., 2016. The role of students' motivation and participation in predicting performance in a MOOC.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,32(3), pp.218-231. Brown, D.K., 2014. The Perverse Effects of Efficiency in Criminal Process.Virginia Law Review, pp.183-223. Dobre, O.I., 2013. Employee motivation and organizational performance.Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research,5(1), Accounting. El-Temsah, Y.S., Sevcu, A., Bobcikova, K., Cernik, M. and Joner, E.J., 2016. DDT degradation efficiency and ecotoxicological effects of two types of nano-sized zero-valent iron (nZVI) in water and soil.Chemosphere,144, pp.2221-2228. Filsecker, M. and Hickey, D.T., 2014. A multilevel analysis of the effects of external rewards on elementary students' motivation, engagement and learning in an educational game.Computers Education,75, pp.136-148. Frey, C.B. and Osborne, M.A., 2017. The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerisation?.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,114, pp.254-280. Hameed, A., Ramzan, M. and Zubair, H.M.K., 2014. Impact of compensation on employee performance (empirical evidence from banking sector of Pakistan).International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(2). Hanus, M.D. and Fox, J., 2015. Assessing the effects of gamification in the classroom: A longitudinal study on intrinsic motivation, social comparison, satisfaction, effort, and academic performance.Computers Education,80, pp.152-161. Hennecke, M. and Freund, A.M., 2014. Identifying Success on the Process Level Reduces Negative Effects of Prior Weight Loss on Subsequent Weight Loss During a Low?Calorie Diet.Applied Psychology: Health and Well?Being,6(1), pp.48-66. Leftheriotis, I. and Giannakos, M.N., 2014. Using social media for work: Losing your time or improving your work?.Computers in Human Behavior,31, pp.134-142. Moatti, V., Ren, C.R., Anand, J. and Dussauge, P., 2015. Disentangling the performance effects of efficiency and bargaining power in horizontal growth strategies: An empirical investigation in the global retail industry.Strategic Management Journal,36(5), pp.745-757. Muogbo, U.S., 2013. The impact of employee motivation on organisational performance (a study of some selected firms in anambra state nigeria).The international journal of engineering and science,2(7), pp.70-80. Van Der Sleen, P., Groenendijk, P., Vlam, M., Anten, N.P., Boom, A., Bongers, F., Pons, T.L., Terburg, G. and Zuidema, P.A., 2015. No growth stimulation of tropical trees by 150 years of CO2 fertilization but water-use efficiency increased.Nature geoscience,8(1), pp.24-28.

The Life And Death Of Tupac Shakur free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Tupac Shakur was born in New York City. His female parent # 8217 ; s name was Afeni Skakur. She was a member of the Black Panther Party. She was pregnant with him while in prison for bombardment charges. Tupac comes from the Incas significance reflecting snake and Shakur is Arabic intending # 8220 ; thankfull to god # 8221 ; . In 1986 the Skakur household moved to Baltimore. In Baltimore Tupac enrolled in the Baltimore School for Arts. At this school he writes his first blame vocal under the name MC New York. Then in June of 1988 the Shakur # 8217 ; s moved to Marin City California. Shortly after traveling to Marin City Tupac moved in with a neighbour. This is when he starts selling drugs. In Augest of 1988 Tupac # 8217 ; s measure pa Mutulu Shakur is sentenced to 60 old ages in gaol for his engagement in a 1981 armored-car robbery. Tupac eventually stops selling drugs. In 1990 he joins a blame group called the Digital Underground. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life And Death Of Tupac Shakur or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He joins the group as a roadie, terpsichorean and rapper. Tupac is a large hit wit the group and he get down to work on his solo album. In 1991 he eventually achieves single acknowledgment wit his first solo album titled # 8220 ; 2PACALYPSE NOW # 8221 ; .The most successful paths of this album were # 8220 ; Trapped # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Brenda # 8217 ; Got A Baby # 8221 ; . These two paths showed that Tupac had a soft side. In 1992 Shakur made his film introduction in # 8220 ; Juice # 8221 ; .And so in 1993 Tupac stared in his 2nd film # 8220 ; Poetic Justice # 8221 ; . This film besides starred Janet Jackson. After the film Poetic Justice Tupac was eventually acquiring recognized around the universe as a film star non merely a mobster rapper. In 1994 Tupac made another album called # 8220 ; Thug Life # 8221 ; . This was non a solo album he worked wit rappers Syce, Mopreme, and The Rated R. This album showed that he was a West-side mobster non an East-side mobster no more. In the same twelvemonth of the release of the album he starred in another film called # 8220 ; Above the Rim # 8221 ; . In November of 1994 Shakur # 8217 ; s New York sex assault test is opened. In the same month while coming out of a Ill-famed B.I.G picture shoot Tupac was shot in an evident robbery effort outside the music studio. Tupac blamed the shot on the Notorious B.I.G. Just one twenty-four hours after the hiting Tupac was convicted of sexually mistreating a adult females he had invited to his hotel room. He was besides charged with sodomy and arms charges. In 1995 he released his 2nd solo album called # 8220 ; Me Against The World # 8221 ; this was a multi-million-selling album. In February of 1995 he was sentenced in New York to four and a half old ages in gaol for sexually maltreatment. In May of 1995 Shakur long clip girlfriend Keisha Morris. In October of 1995 Shakur is released from gaol on bond after functioning 8 months. In 1996 Shakur released another album # 8220 ; All Eyess On Me # 8221 ; . This album debuted on the Billboard charts as figure 1.It went on to sell about 5 million transcripts. The vocals # 8220 ; How Do You Desire It # 8221 ; and California Love # 8221 ; were on the top 10 Billboard Charts for months. Then in October he starred in another film called # 8220 ; Gang Related # 8221 ; . On September 10 of 1996 Shakur was on his manner to a nine called 667 when he was shot. his record manufacturer Suge Knight merely got a caput graze. Then on September 13 Shakur was pronounced dead at 4:03 autopsy. Not much was known about the decease of Tupac. The bulls neer found the individual who killed him but they think a member of a rival pack called the Crips did it. After Tupac # 8217 ; s decease many of his fans couldn # 8217 ; t except his decease so they started rumours of him forging his on decease. Just a few months subsequently another one of his albums came out. It was called # 8220 ; R U Still Down # 8221 ; . Tupac neer had a opportunity to acquire rid of his thug image. He died at the age of 25. Many people think he could of restarted the Black Panthers. Tupac was a really originative adult male. Here is on of his verse forms: by Tupac Shakur Today is filled with choler, fueled with concealed hatred. Scared of being outkast, afraid of common destiny. Today is build on calamities which no 1 want # 8217 ; s to face. Nightmares to humanity and morally disgraced. Tonight is filled with Rage, force in the air. Childs bred with pitilessness cause no 1 at place attentions. Tonight I lay my caput down but the force per unit area neer stops, cognizing that my saneness content when I # 8217 ; m droped. But tomorrow I see alteration, a opportunity to construct a new, physique on spirit purpose of bosom and thoughts based on truth. Tomorrow I wake with 2nd air current and strong because of pride. I know I fought with all my bosom to maintain the dream alive. by jay12321 @ aol.com

The House of Capulet in Romeo and Juliet

The House of Capulet in Romeo and Juliet The House of Capulet in Romeo and Juliet is one of fair Verona’s two feuding families- the other being the House of Montague. Capulet’s daughter, Juliet, falls in love with Romeo, the son of Montague and they elope, much to the anger of their respective families. Heres a look at the major players in the House of Capulet. Capulet (Juliets Father) Hes head of the Capulet clan, married to Lady Capulet and father to Juliet. Capulet is locked in an on-going, bitter and unexplained dispute with the Montague family. Capulet is very much in charge and demands respect. He is prone to rage if he does not get his own way. Capulet loves his daughter very much but is out of touch with her hopes and dreams. He believes that she should marry Paris. Lady Capulet (Juliets Mother) Married to Capulet and mother to Juliet, Lady Capulet appears distanced from her daughter. It is interesting to note that Juliet receives most of her moral guidance and affection from the Nurse. Lady Capulet, who also married young, believes it was high time Juliet was married off and chooses Paris as the appropriate candidate. But when Juliet declines to marry Paris, Lady Capulet turns on her: Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a word; do as thou wilt, for I am done with thee. Lady Capulet takes the news of her nephew Tybalts death extremely hard, going so far as to wish death on his killer, Romeo. Juliet Capulet Our female protagonist is 13 years old and about to be married to Paris. However, Juliet soon stumbles upon her fate when she meets Romeo,  and instantly falls in love with him, despite him being the son of her family’s enemy. Over the course of the play, Juliet matures, making the decision to abandon her family to be with Romeo. But like most women in Shakespeares plays, Juliet has little personal freedom. Tybalt Lady Capulet’s nephew and Juliet’s cousin, Tybalt is antagonistic and has a deep hatred of the Montagues. He has a short temper and is quick to draw his sword when his ego is in danger of being damaged. Tybalt has a vindictive nature and is feared. When Romeo kills him, this is a major turning point in the play. Juliet’s Nurse A loyal maternal figure and friend to Juliet, the Nurse provides moral guidance and practical advice. She knows Juliet better than anyone else and provides comic relief in the play with her bawdy sense of humor. The Nurse has a disagreement with Juliet near the end of the play which demonstrates her lack of understanding about the intensity of Juliet’s feelings about love and about Romeo. Servants of the Capulets Samson: After the Chorus, he is the first character to speak and establishes the conflict between the Capulets and the Montagues. Gregory: Along with Samson, he discusses the tension in the Montague household. Peter: Illiterate and a bad singer,  Peter invites guests to the Capulets’ feast and escorts the Nurse to meet with Romeo.

Changes In Company's Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Changes In Company's Culture - Research Paper Example This paper stresses that there is a strong relationship between culture and performance. A supportive culture enhances the organization’s competitive advantage in terms of higher outputs, improved profits, increased employee retention and enhanced working environment. Culture determines employee attitudes, their motivation and consequent organizational performance. This paper has highlighted change in organizational culture, the two levels of organizational culture, the use of culture measures in change situations, failure to achieve organizational culture change, and implementing the process successfully. Sustainable organizational change cannot be effectively implemented by structural or systemic changes to the organization. On the other hand, it is brought about by powerful techniques that work successfully through strong communications with employees. These communications convey both the means by which the organization will change the way it functions and about the new cultural goals of the organization. Effective organizational change occurs when completely new climates and cultures are created and maintained by the company. Different types of climates and cultures may be equally effective for different organizations according to their industry, markets and nature of their workforce. To ensure successful cultural change management in an or ganization, and to break the spiral of dysfunctional failures, the climate and culture levels offer numerous opportunities for the company’s management to bring about sustainable change.

Is Censorship Good or Bad for the Society Outline

Is Censorship Good or Bad for the Society - Outline Example The author of the paper states that censorship is both beneficial and disadvantageous but it should be applied for certain reasons and should be avoided for others. Several laws in the media industry have been created regarding the issue of censorship and the need for such laws has been highly demanded. On the other hand, those not in the favor of censorship state that censorship has no importance and complete viewership should be accepted by law and media. The debate regarding the question of whether censorship is good or bad for the interest of the public is viewed from several angles. Those who oppose censorship state that it violates constitutional rights.  The coalition further stated that a society that is based on pluralist grounds can never agree on any issue and will have a difference of opinion and this difference of opinion is necessary to achieve creativity and growth that is intellectual in nature. This means that the coalition believes that one of the most important r ights that an individual has is the freedom of communication and it is necessary to develop a healthy democracy. One of the concerns related to the infringing of the right to freedom of speech is that it will result in a chilling effect. The chilling effect is defined as a discouragement of conducting a completely lawful act due to fear of punishment (Margolis 103). Julie Hilden states that reactions that resulted due to the exposure and scandal of Janet Jackson allow the Congress to pass laws and regulations that are not necessary for the society (as cited in Tavani, 296). She even stated that censorship was assumed to be necessary by the Congress even if it infringes upon the right of freedom of speech and she even figured out that Congress is blaming - and imposing laws of censorship on - those parties that were not even directly or indirectly involved in the scandal. Powell has stated that he had no problems in applying liability and holding broadcasters responsible even if they were not the perpetrators of the crime (Minkin 123). Those who are in favor of censorship state that Constitution can be differently interpreted depending upon the case being argued. They even state that interpretation of freedom of speech under the First Amendment is not as easy to understand as it might seem.  

The Zara Business Plan Marketing Essay

The Zara Business Plan Marketing Essay Zara offers the latest trends in international fashion in an environment of thought-out design. Its stores, located in the main commercial areas of cities across Europe, America and Asia, offer fashion inspired in the tastes, wishes and lifestyles of todays men and women. Zara moves at the pace of society, fashion ideas, and trends that society itself has natured. Hence its success among people, cultures and generations that, in spite of their differences, share a special sensitivity for fashion. Due to the growing of the clothing industry and the enormous unmet need in the market in the Puget Sound, we see the long-term expansion and potential of Zara throughout the Northwest. We are visionaries who see Zara as an extreme financial launch. By achieving its sales targets, Zara will position itself for exceptional profitability and self-funded growth. With our plans of Zaras expansion in South Centre Mall, our plan is to generate revenues of $7,094,763 by 2008. Management of Zara is seeking an investment of $800,000 in addition to the $150,000 already invested by the founders. Proceeds will be reinvested into the expansion of Zara into new markets and products. Purpose Approach The purpose in business is to maintain the responsiveness to the changing trends in consumer tastes through creating new designs fast that are suitable for all customers at an affordable price. In the ongoing expansion process we have decided to move into the Puget Sound Region because of the many advantages that could be exploited. We have considered several elements that we have learned throughout the semester and applied them in our decision making process. Worth of ZARA We have created a payroll chart for the just the four owners that will be our only staff, which the profit is divided evenly for all four owner. Accounting for the identifiable logo and the cost of operations our acquisition proposal would be $#######. This figure is derived from our analysis, where we multiplied our average monthly sales figure by eight percent because we included the branding of Zara and it helps us minimize our risk by not overspending. The total cost of revenue for the first year of opening is estimated at $350,000.00. Estimate Business Cycle Comparative Statement Current Assets Current Liability Working Capital Long Term Liability Zara Income Statement Lease (including Insurance and other Expense) Operating Expense Tax for cost of revenue Total Expense Payroll Hourly Wage Hours Gross Pay Tax Managers / Owner (4) N/A 4,160 Yearly Total Balance Sheet Asset Cash AR Inventory Equipment Three departments Men Æ’Â   Son Women Æ’Â   Ashley Children Æ’Â   Justin Open Shift Æ’Â   Justin Closing Shift Æ’Â   Huy Three Sunday unless holiday or event We agree on that we as the owner are the only worker in our newly franchise Zara store. Cost distributes Lenders Suppliers Government -Assumption 8.8%- How much inventory needed? Starting Inventory Number of Employee South Center Mall Mall hours 10:00 am 9:30 pm Monday to Saturday 11:00 am 7:00 pm Sunday 80 hours open per week 52 weeks in a year 80 X 52 = 4160 hours open in a year 2467.56 X 12 = 29610.72 / 4160 = 7.12 transaction per hour Price of Space $27.76 per square feet Size of space 4000 square feet 4000 X $27.76 = $111,040.00 $111,040 / 45 = 2467.56 transaction Price Range per Item $35.00 to $79.00 Asset 640 item on displace and for sale Piece $8.00 Mark-up $2.08 $10.08 Mark-up 26% Children Selling Price $35.00 $57.00 $79.00 Mark-up $9.00 $15.00 $29.54 Cogs $44.10 $71.82 $99.54 Total Cogs $215.46 Revenue $171.00 Profit 45 Contract Specifies All included Utilities Water / Sewage / Garbage Insurance $111,040 X 12 = $1,332,480 rent per year Bank of America Available for amounts up to $100,000 Provides a one-time lump sum with fixed monthly payments Quick approval process Lets you borrow without using your business or personal assets as collateral Competitive, fixed rate of interest Maximum term up to 5 years Set the stage for the success of your practice. 100% practice financing plus working capital available Buyer/Seller referral network Demographic site analysis Fixed and variable rates with terms up to 15 years Deferred, graduated, and interest-only payment plans available Combined practice and real estate loans available Financing for equipment, cabinetry, and office furniture, fixtures, and supplies Financing for renovations and construction Financing can include architecture, design, and management consulting fees All terms and features subject to credit approval. Some restrictions apply. Zara Operations To be successful in providing high quality products to all of our customers at a price that is affordable we selected our locations based on the locations that are similar to those of other Zara stores. Our strategy is to move from city to city while continuing the business practices used by Zara and implementing information technology. Our preference in location is derived from the closeness to the entertainment, financial institutions, art museums, and upscale restaurants. This preference allows us to reach numerous customers because it would be located in areas that people will either drive or walk passed. While receiving the attention provided by our friendly personable salespeople, customers will enjoy our in-store coffee shop and the ambiance that is created by our interior designers. We intend to utilize information technology to flatten the hierarchical structure of management, thus, granting our employees more decision-making power and responsibility. Exploiting information technology through implementation of TPS and DSS will enable us to organize information that can be used to improve the decision-making quality. Customers could use our online store to receive reminders of birthdays and other holidays, so that they can send gifts as well as getting the news on the new styles to be release in the near future. We have created our website with the goal of making it east to use, therefore, allowing customers to participate in sales promotions as well as providing feedback on products. They could also view the feedback of other customers. The website can also be customized to fit the customers shopping behaviors. (pp. 295) Future Potential of ZARA This business has a lot of potential. We could possibly incorporate different marketing strategies although the one used has proven to be successful. Zara could also develop an online website. Through the online store we will sell our products and do some pre-marketing of new products before they are released in addition to collecting consumer responses about the products. Another potential factor that we have considered is to open discount stores that would allow the business to sell the surpluses in inventory. This will enable us to become more efficient. The areas we have chosen for the location of our stores are downtown Seattle, Bellevue Square, and the South Center Mall in Tukwila. These areas fit the needs of surrounding businesses, our staff members, the seasonal shoppers, and the vacationing tourists. The selected areas also offer a wide variety of restaurants, tourist attractions, and entertainment, which could prove to be an advantage. (pp. 331-332) Zara Investment Recommendations Considering the risks involved of opening a business, we are confident about the future profitability, so we highly recommend the purchase of Zara. We are confident about our recommendation because we would be entering into a franchise that has maintained its success, opened its retail stores in great locations, and utilized the products of the research and development in our business practices. These actions translate into great potential for profitability because many of the practices have already been proven to be effective. Another advantage could be created by the implementation of information technology that will improve processes and performance amongst internal customers. Looking at the future potential of the business allows us to be confident in our decision as we embrace the expansion of Zara into the Puget Sound region.

Aikido & Sport

Aikido is a martial art and a way of life from Japan which is a result of many years of research, practice and development. It is unique among Japanese martial arts because it emphasizes the importance of achieving complete mental calm and control of one's own body to master an opponent's attack.It is not only concerned with how to defeat an opponent but how to live our daily lives as well.It is also known for emphasizes the spiritual and philosophical development of its students.   Aikido offers specific benefits such as responsibility, respect, and confidence in training and in life. Aikido training consists of five parts: Tai, Ki, Toku, Chi and Joshiki.These five principles of aikido are found in every technique and method. Simultaneous development of these elements leads to ideal personal development.The first element of aikido training is bodily realization or Tai training. This comes foremost in the practice of martial arts. It aims to develop the physical aspect through the practice of the principle of oneness in techniques.This part of Aikido training is for all-around physical fitness, flexibility, and relaxation. Its purpose is to strengthen and purify our bodies. Through physical mastery, we gain the power in the breath of heaven and earth or â€Å"kokyuryoku.†The development of the body, is to help us carry out the activities we must do to be good people and help others in our society. We use it to live and help others. The stronger a person’s body is, the more things one can do and learn, thereby strengthening both mind and body.The second part of the Aikido training is Ki development or mental realization. Ki is the Japanese word for Life Force, which focuses around the development of energy and unification of mind and body through discipline. This discipline starts with learning to use physical energy correctly in the Aikido movements. With practice, agreement and synchronization of body andAikido  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2mind develops gr adually and the process of realization begins. Once self-confidence and awareness of being at one with the universe is increased, then fear loses its meaning, thus the start of true spiritual strength. The stronger the person’s ki, the stronger they will be physically, mentally and emotionally.The third focus of Aikido training is achieving moral and ethical realization. This places the principle of oneness with the universe into everyday living.The development of ethics is to help us become better social beings and to live harmoniously in society and nature. Thus all the trainings and teachings in Aikido should be incorporated to our daily lives to attain the path of truthfulness and thus attain oneness with the universe.The fourth focus of Aikido training is spiritual or wisdom realization, also called as Chi which means the development of wisdom through coming to know the truth of oneness. It is having the right intentions through right understanding. It means not having t o look for conflict but simply living Aikido not as a weapon but as a guide.The last principle of Aikido training is Joshi or Common sense development. It is often defined as the recognition of and respect for all living things. The nurturing of common sense is to help us to continuously learn as we live.With common sense, we would know how to act when we face a totally new situation or environment which would allow us to face the future without fear. The better our common sense, the easier it is to deal with uncommon things.The purpose of Aikido is not simply to teach defense. It is to develop oneself to become a better individual that will fit better in society, and consequently improving society itself. The self defense aspect is just an additional benefit of Aikido. The five principles of training lead to the most important functions of aikido which are spiritual discipline and physical mastery.Aikido  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4ReferencesDobson, T., & Miller V. (1993). Aikido in everyday life: Giving in to get your way. California: North Atlantic Books.Crane R., & Crane K. (1993). Aikido in training: A manual of traditional aikido practice and principles. Berlin, New Jersey: Cool Rain Productions.  Tohei, K. (1978). Ki in daily life. USA: Japan Publications.Mitsugi, S. (1989). The principles of aikido (Wellington, I. Ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala.Wildish, P. (1999). Principles of aikido: The only introduction you’ll ever need. USA: Thorsons.Stevens, J. (1999). Training with the master: Lessons with Morihei Ueshiba, founder of aikido. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala.Homma, G. (1990). Aikido for Life. California: North Atlantic Books.

Poverty in the UK Essay

In 1886, Charles Booth investigated the extent of poverty in London. His was the first systematic sociological study of poverty in the UK. The results, presented in 1902-3, documented the living and working condition of the London poor. Adopting a relative approach to poverty — which was defined as the inability to meet the usual standard of life — Booth estimated that the level at which poverty set in for a family of two adults and three children was 21 shillings per week (? 1. 05 today). Booth estimated that 30. 7 per cent of London’s total population were in poverty. Around the same time, adopting an absolute perspective on poverty, Seebohm Rowntree investigated the state of the poor in the city of York in 1899. He highlighted the minimum standard of living which fulfilled people’s biological needs for food, water, clothing and shelter. This is also referred to as the subsistence level. Rowntree subsequently drew up a list of those minimum personal and household necessities required for survival and established two categories of poverty. Primary poverty is when the person is unable to acquire the minimum necessitates, secondary poverty is when a portion of the person’s total earnings is absorbed by other useful or wasteful expenditure such that it is not possible to maintain the minimum standard. Poverty can be defined in several ways, Booth took a relative approach and Rowntree took an absolute approach. In the post-war era, there has been a more pronounced shift from viewing poverty as predominantly a monetary and economic phenomenon to regarding and acknowledging its more qualitative and subjective aspects. By the end of the 1950s, the period of rationing and shortages was over and, with almost full employment, the UK seemed ‘never to have had it so good’. Yet, by the 1960s, a number of social policy academics close to the Labour Party (such as Tawney and Townsend) raised the issue of the continuing existence of poverty in a period of greater prosperity. Townsend questioned absolute definitions of poverty (such as those of Rowntree) which were outdated and failed to take account of the problems some people had in fully participating in society. Townsend’s definitive work on poverty in the UK in 1979 (Townsend 1992) went beyond an absolute definition based on physical needs, to view poverty in relation to a generally accepted standard of living, in a specific society, at a particular time. Individuals can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or at least widely encouraged and approved, in the societies which they belong. (p. 31) Townsend suggested a definition that was closer in tune to the concept of citizenship — poverty constituted a lack of resources that would enable a person to able to participate in the normal expectations and customs of a society. This kind of definition also would imply that the indicators of poverty can change over time in order to embrace changes in society. In the 1960’s, Townsend used the example of not being able to afford a proper Sunday lunch as an indicator of poverty. The idea of a Sunday roast meal might not be so relevant today because of changes in family life and the way people gather together, and therefore is not so much an integral aspect of what people can be expected to do normally. On the other hand, Townsend’s indicator of giving presents to near members of the family for birthdays or Christmas still holds. In his 1979 work, Townsend identified twelve items he believed were be relevant to the whole population, and gave each household surveyed a score on a deprivation index. The higher the score, the more deprived was the household. Townsend calculated that 22. 9 per cent of the population fell under the threshold of deprivation (Giddens 2006). When talking about poverty, researchers usually base their work on measures of deprivation rather than the identification of poverty by itself. The existence of deprivation is taken as a surrogate for the existence of poverty. People are said to be deprived materially and socially if they lack the material standards (diet, housing ad clothing) and the services and amenities (recreational, educational, environmental, social) which would allow them to participate in commonly accepted roles and relationship within society. The compass of poverty is complex, embracing the unemployed, those on low pay or in insecure work, the sick, the elderly, and the unskilled. Some minority ethnic groups also come into the picture, for example, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis in the UK have, in general, high rates of poverty compared to other groups (Giddens 2006). Absolute poverty assumes that it is possible to define a minimum standard of living based on a person’s biological needs for food, water, clothing and shelter. The emphasis is on basic physical needs and not on broader social and cultural needs. Rowntree’s studies of poverty in York in 1901, 1936, and 1951 used such an approach to poverty. But another way of viewing poverty is of relative poverty, which goes beyond biological needs, and is not simply about a lack of money but also about exclusion form the customs of society. Relative poverty is about social exclusion imposed by an inadequate income. Social exclusion is a broader concept than poverty encompassing not only low material means but the inability to participate effectively in economic, social, political and cultural life, implying alienation and distance from the mainstream society (Giddens 2006). Social exclusion may both be a precursor to poverty and an important consequence of it. In 1984, Mack and Lansley study established that the poverty threshold covered not only the basic essentials for survival (such as food and shelter) but also the ability to participate in society and play a social role: for the first time ever, a majority of people see the necessities of life in Britain in the 1980s as covering a wide range of goods and activities, and†¦ people judge a minimum standard of living on socially established criteria and not just the criteria of survival or subsistence. (Mack & Lansley 1985 : 55) In the 1980s, the discussion of poverty turned increasingly to the notion of polarisation and to the shrinking portion of the UK cake held by the poorest. Poverty and wealth are not simply the ‘bottom’ and ‘top’ of the income distribution, they are polarised social conditions (Scott 1994). Income polarisation was also compounded by a number of policy measure introduced in the 1980s, such as a reduction in the level of income tax for high earners and increasing use of indirect taxes. Academics showed that polarisation and social disparities were growing between those who had benefited from the measures of the successive Thatcher administrations and those who had lost out, while the Thatcher government as the time tried to deny the excesses of Thatcherism. According to an analysis of the Child Poverty Action Group, in the regime of Margaret Thatcher, more than 63 billion has been transferred in subsidies from the poor to the rich (Oppenheim and Harker 1996) Research in the 1990’s on the distribution of wealth and poverty in the UK has been produced under a Joseph Rowntree Foundation research initiative. This research highlighted that the number of people living in households with under half the national average income fell between the early 1960s and 1970s from five million to three million, but then rose to eleven million in 1991, to a point where one in five households were living on under half the national average income. The number of individuals under 60 living in households without paid work has more than doubled – from 4.1. million, or 8 per cent, in 1979, to 9. 4 million, or 19 per cent by the mid 1990s. This has been accompanied by a widening gap in the incomes of households in paid work and those out of paid work. In 1997, 12 million people in the UK (almost 25% of the population) lived below the poverty line, defined as under half the average wage, and two out of five children were born poor. Today, according to OECD (Organisation for Economic cooperation and Development), Britain has one of the worst poverty records in the developed world (Giddens 2006). According to the latest available statistics, nearly 1 in 4 people in the UK – amounting to 13 million people – live in poverty. This includes nearly 4 million children – signifying a shocking 1 in 3 ratio (Oxfam GB 2003). The explanations that have been offered as causes of poverty fall under two categories, individualistic theories and structural theories. Here we will focus on the former. Individualistic theories identify the main causes of poverty within individuals themselves. Social and cultural factors are not entirely discounted, but more emphasis is place on inappropirated individual behaviours. There are three main types of individualistic theories. Orthodox economic theory: This theory proposes that poverty can be explained by the economic deficiency of the individual . Harold Lydall argues that the general abilities of men in the labour force determine the distribution of incomes. These abilities are assumed to be created by genetic, environmental and educational factors. To reduce poverty, policies need to target individuals’ own value systems, to develop their own personal qualities in a manner that makes them more capable and efficient. The individual is poor because he has not maximised his true potential in the labour market. Minority group theory: Minority group theory originate from the earliest studies of poverty based on the findings of Booth and Rowntree. These pioneering social scientists did not attempt to discover the causes of poverty, merely the characteristics of certain groups of poor people. Minority group theory has largely constructed its explanation for poverty through examining the characteristics of the poor – for example, being old, being married with dependent children. Going beyond such demographic indicators, the theory implicates alleged ‘faulty’ characteristics. The classification of ‘ar-risk’ groups has prompted policy makers to implement a benefit system to ensure that the most basic of needs are met, without encouraging idleness or apathy. The poverty policies of successive governments have often informed by minority group theory. Subculture of poverty theory: Subculture of poverty theory is derived form a number of anthropological and sociological studies, particularly, the work of Oscar Lewis. It was Lewis who in 1959 introduced the term ‘the culture of poverty’ in an effort to draw an analogy between the Mexican lower class families and those in other parts of the world. He attempted to explain the phenomenon of the persistence of poverty in different countries. The basic idea has its roots in the Chicago School of Sociology and the work of Robert E. Park. According to Park the patterns of the neighbourhood, and the slum in particular, once they come into being, take on a life of their own and are to a great extent self-generating and self-perpetuating. A sociological process known as labeling also underpins this phenomenon. Labelling somebody negatively may also lead to increased surveillance or segregation from the wider community which further increases (and even creates) the predicted behaviour (Fulcher and Scott 2001). These processes, whereby people tend to live up to the expectation of others are known to be self-fulfilling. Oscar Lewis implies a similar understanding in his formulation of the notion of the culture of poverty. Lewis claimed that poverty affected the very personality of slum dwellers. The poor tend to be at once apathetic yet alienated, happy-go-lucky yet miserable. Other negative characteristics that mark the psychological orientation of poor people include laziness, being unambitious, being disorganised, and fatalistic. To fight poverty at its roots, such psychological tendencies need to be gradually eroded, with more positive attitudes taking their place. Much work also needs to be done on making the destitute people more attractive to their potential employers, in terms of skills and educational qualifications. Substantial and sustained reductions in poverty depend on raising the level of qualifications among older teenagers and young adults in the bottom quarter of educational achievement. Lack of progress here is a major concern for longer term progress on reducing poverty. (Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2006) References: Giddens, A. (2006). Sociology. Cambridge : Polity Press Fulcher, J. & Scott J. (2001). Sociology. Oxford : Oxford University Press Joseph Rowntree Foundation. (2006). Monitoring poverty and social exclusion in the UK 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2007 from http://www.poverty. org. uk/reports/mpse%202006%20findings. pdf Mack, J. & Lansley, S. (1985). Poor Britain. London : Unwin Hyman Oppenheim,C. & Harker, L. (1996). Poverty: the Facts, 3rd ed. London : Child Poverty Action Oxfam GB. (2003). The facts about poverty in the UK. Retrieved 20 March 2007 from http://www. oxfamgb. org/ukpp/poverty/thefacts. htm Scott, J. (1994). Poverty and Wealth: Citizenship, Deprivation and Privilege (Longman Sociology Series). London : Longman Group United Kingdom Townsend, P. (1992). Poverty in the UK. Berkeley : University of California Press

Seasonal Affective Disorder - 869 Words

Alaskans experiences on average about five hours of sunlight during the winter months, sometimes living in Alaska during the winter can take its toll on a person. The year 1984 was when Seasonal Affective Disorder first became known in a research paper at the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Seasonal Affective Disorder mainly affects people in the winter season, but can also affect people during the summer seasons. Seasonal Affective Disorder is best understood as a form of depression that affects people in the winter and, less commonly, in the summer. This paper will help provide a better understanding of S.A.D. and how it affects people living in Arctic climates. Seasonal affective disorder is a form of†¦show more content†¦McMahon , et al, 2014). Another factor that can play into S.A.D. is melatonin, which helps with sleep and wake cycles. Rosenthal, et al, notes how the pineal gland, the gland that produces melatonin, will react to dark surroundings with drowsiness that can lead people to being lethargic (as cited in Melrose, 2015). When melatonin increases and serotonin decreases, the offset of the proteins can cause circadian rhythms to be disrupted, which is the bodies â€Å"24 hour† clock. Researcher Melrose writes that â€Å"†¦circadian rhythms respond to the rhythmic light-dark changes that occur daily and throughout each of the seasons.† (2015). People with S.A.D. disorder normally find that their circadian rhythms are off beat and timed differently with day lengths, for example feeling tired in the middle of the day while being wide awake or feeling wide awake when it would normally be time to sleep. Treatments that follow with the diagnose of Seasonal Affective Disorder are antidepressant medications, light therapy, vitamin D and counseling. Cheung, et al, (as cited in Melrose, 2015) reports their findings with the antidepressant, fluoxetine and discovered that the medicine was just as effective as light therapy. Light therapy is typically used in the mornings to help with circadian rhythms to help set the persons â€Å"clock†. Light therapy usually consists of people sitting in front ofShow MoreRelatedSeasonal Affective Disorder2032 Words   |  8 Pagesvaliantly try to diet. People can often find it difficult to focus at work or in a relationships, feel down in the dumps, or maybe even depressed. If a person says yes to any one of these criteria, than they may be experiencing a disorder called Seasonal Affective Disorder (S.A.D), or also known as the winter blues. A current study shows that the population that lives in the Northern America and European. In its very bas ic form, S.A.D effects 6% of all Americans suffer from this distress, SeasonalityRead MoreSeasonal Affective Disorder Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesSeasonal Affective Disorder Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD, is a common problem of people living in northern United States. People who are affected by this disorder commonly suffer from depression, lethargy, inability to concentrate, overeating and weight gain. People from the north tend to suffer more from this disorder because of the shortened days. It appears, that due to the deficiency of sunlight some people suffer from these symptoms. The shortened days have a hormonal effect onRead MoreTheoretical Explanations on Seasonal Affective Disorder2866 Words   |  11 PagesEssay Question: A review of different theoretical explanations on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Introduction: This review will demonstrate a critical awareness of research-based literature in the field of Clinical Psychology and review theoretical explanations on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). SAD can be referred to in many different ways. The most famous include â€Å"winter depression†, â€Å"winter blues† or â€Å"seasonal depression† (Rosenthal, 1998; Marshall and Cheevers, 2006). However, other namesRead MoreFactors Affecting Seasonal Affective Disorder1571 Words   |  7 Pages1. Although many studies have focused on individual factors relating to Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), this study sought to extend such research by determining whether cognitive, behavioral and psychophysiological factors that associate to individuals with nonseasonal depression would correlate to those of SAD (Rohan, Sigmon Dorhofer, 2003). 2. Before gathering the data, the researchers had a couple hypotheses in mind. They first hypothesized that women with a history of SAD would encounterRead More The Roots of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) Essay2072 Words   |  9 PagesThis was when I learned of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), a psychological disorder marked by the change in seasons. It nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; McClain 2 seemed simple to me at first, yet when I learned more about the disorder and the people who it affectedRead MoreEssay about A Critical View of Seasonal Affective Disorder2270 Words   |  10 PagesA Critical View of Seasonal Affective Disorder Abstract This paper is intended to be a critical view of Seasonal Affective Disorder. In order to understand fully the biological and psychological components of the disease, as well as its possible causes and treatments, it is necessary to compile and interpret previously conducted research. Such is the purpose of this paper. First, the symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder will be explained and illustrated using data and case studies. SecondRead MoreDifferent Methods Of Preventing Vitamin D Deficiency And Seasonal Affective Disorder1742 Words   |  7 PagesSeasonal affective disorder is a mood disorder characterized by depression, which occurs around the same time every year (Partonen, 1998). It is hypothesized that being deficient in vitamin D is a reason for having seasonal affective disorder. We have researched four different methods of preventing vitamin D deficiency and seasonal affective disorder. The most used methods of achieving adequate vitamin D levels were found to be indoor tanning, natural light, light therapy and vitamin D supplementationRead More Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Clear Link Between the Outside and the Inside of the Brain2521 Words   |  11 PagesSeasonal Affective Disorder: A Clear Link Between the Outside and the Inside of the Brain And God said, Let there be light; And there was light. And God saw that the light was good; And God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day. (Genesis 1:3-5) (1) The sun has been an endless source of inspiration, both physical and spiritual, throughout the ages. For its light, warmth, andRead MoreDraft 2.1 Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), is defined as â€Å"a cyclic illness characterized by500 Words   |  2 PagesDraft 2.1 Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), is defined as â€Å"a cyclic illness characterized by recurrent episodes of fall/winter depression alternating with periods of spring/summer euthymia (norma l mood) or hypomania (mild elation and behavioral activation)† (2). There has been much research done to support the SAD and to find effective treatments for the annual malady such as bright light therapy. SAD generally occurs in the winter months, beginning around November and ending around March. PeopleRead MoreDepression And Seasonal Affective Disorder885 Words   |  4 Pageshealth and optimal functioning are, of course, very important in any discussion of public health. Depression and more specifically Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) can happen to anyone, and it is important to be treated when experiencing health problems like these. While I have never experienced seasonal depression, its temporal nature and the treatment of the disorder interest me. I researched SAD when I considered studying it as a topic for my undergraduate senior thesis. During the thesis preparation